Emissions Are Shrinking Earth's Stratosphere!

New examination shows that the stratosphere is almost a fourth of a mile more modest than it was in 1980.The stratosphere is the second layer in Earth's climate. It holds storms back from ascending excessively high into the air, where they can get more grounded.

Earth's stratosphere—the layer where business aircrafts voyage and the ozone layer lives—is contracting a result of ozone harming substance discharges, as indicated by another examination. 

The exploration, distributed May 5 in the diary Environmental Research Letters, shows that the stratosphere is almost a fourth of a mile more modest than it was in 1980. 

The second layer of our climate, the stratosphere reaches out from around 9 to 48 kilometers above Earth. It lies on top of the lower atmosphere, which has effectively been demonstrated to warm and growing due to environmental change. 

That makes the lower atmosphere push the lower part of the stratosphere outward. Simultaneously, more carbon dioxide is entering the stratosphere, where it really chills off and makes the layer contract, the specialists said. 

"Interestingly we show that this is valid: that the Earth's stratosphere has contracted at a pace of in excess of 100 meters each decade since 1980 and furthermore show that the reason for this marvel is ozone harming substance outflow," study creator Juan Antonio Añel, a physicist at Spain's University of Vigo, said in a news discharge. 

The specialists put together their decision with respect to satellite information and environment models. 

The discoveries have numerous expected ramifications, including for climate. 

Virtually the entirety of our climate structures in the lower atmosphere nearer to ground level. Temperatures normally cool with expanding tallness in the lower atmosphere, which permits tempests to develop. The taller a tempest is, the more grounded it is. 

Interestingly, warming temperatures with expanding stature in the stratosphere hold a top on storms back from penetrating excessively high into the stratosphere, as per weather.com meteorologist Jonathan Belles. 

"A diminished stratosphere may imply that tempests might have the option to get taller than at present," Belles said. 

The equivalent could be valid for tropical storms, he said. 

Changes to the stratosphere can likewise influence satellite tasks, the GPS route framework and radio correspondences, as per the investigation. 

Añel and his kindred scientists say the stratosphere could shrivel considerably more in the coming many years except if there are significant slices to ozone harming substance discharges. 

"It is stunning," he revealed to The Guardian. "This demonstrates we are meddling with the climate as much as 60 kilometers." 

It's recently been felt that the stratosphere was getting more modest in view of the decrease of the ozone layer. 

"A few researchers have begun considering the upper climate the 'ignorosphere' on the grounds that it is so ineffectively examined," Paul Williams, a teacher of air science at the University of Reading in the UK who was not engaged with the new exploration, disclosed to Yale Environment 360. "This new paper will fortify the case for better perceptions of this inaccessible yet basically significant piece of the environment. It is noteworthy that we are as yet finding new parts of environmental change following quite a while of examination."

Read More

Biorefineries

 A biorefinery is a facility that coordinates biomass change cycles and hardware to create powers, force, and worth-added synthetic compounds from biomass. Biorefinery is comparable to the present oil treatment facility, which creates numerous energizes and items from petrol. By delivering a few items, a biorefinery exploits the different parts in biomass and their intermediates, thusly augmenting the worth got from the biomass feedstock. 

A biorefinery could, for instance, produce one or a few low-volume, however high-esteem, substance items, and a low-esteem, yet high-volume fluid transportation fuel, for example, biodiesel or bioethanol. Simultaneously, it can produce power and interaction heat, through CHP innovation, for its own utilization and maybe enough available to be purchased of power to the neighborhood utility. 

The high-worth items increment benefit, the high-volume fuel helps address energy issues, and the force creation assist with bringing down energy costs and lessen GHG emanations from customary force plant offices.

Biorefinery Platforms

There are a few biorefinery stages that can be utilized in a biorefinery with the significant ones being the sugar stage and the thermochemical stage (otherwise called syngas stage).

Sugar stage biorefineries separate biomass into various sorts of segment sugars for maturation or other organic preparing into different energizes and synthetics. Then again, thermochemical biorefineries change biomass into union gas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) or pyrolysis oil. 

The thermochemical biomass change measure is perplexing and utilizes segments, designs, and working conditions that are more common in petrol refining. Biomass is changed over into syngas, and syngas is changed over into an ethanol-rich combination. 

In any case, syngas made from biomass contains toxins, for example, tar and sulfur that meddle with the transformation of the syngas into items. These foreign substances can be taken out by tar-transforming impetuses and synergist changing cycles. This not just cleans the syngas, it additionally makes a greater amount of it, improving interaction financial matters and eventually reducing the expense of the subsequent ethanol.

Plus Points

Biorefineries can help in using the ideal energy capability of natural squanders and may likewise resolve the issues of waste administration and GHGs outflows. Biomass squanders can be changed over, through fitting enzymatic/synthetic treatment, into either vaporous or fluid energizes. 

The pre-treatment measures engaged with biorefining create items like paper-mash, HFCS, solvents, acetic acid derivation, tars, overlays, cement, flavor synthetics, initiated carbon, fuel enhancers, undigested sugars, and so forth which by and large stay undiscovered in the conventional cycles. The reasonableness of this interaction is additionally improved by the way that it can use an assortment of biomass assets, regardless of whether plant-inferred or creature determined.

Future Perspectives

The idea of a biomass-based processing plant is as yet in the beginning phases all things considered spots on the planet. Issues like crude material accessibility, possibility in the item production network, the versatility of the model are hampering its advancement at business scales. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) of the USA is driving the front in biorefinery research with way-breaking disclosures and developments. 

Albeit the innovation is as yet in incipient stages, it holds the way into the ideal use of squanders and regular assets that people have consistently attempted to accomplish. The onus currently lies on governments and the corporate area to boost or back the innovative work in this exceptionally encouraging field.

Read More

Solar Still

 

Read More

How to calculate cost of installation of solar PV system

Design of standalone (off-grid ) Solar PV Panel with battery storage for one day of autonomy 

1. Calculation of the total load of electrical appliances in use and calculation of power consumption in one day.

Appliances	Rating	Quantity	Hour used per day	Watt Hour per day
Light bulb	3 watts	3	2	18
Light bulb	9 watts	4	5	180
Light bulb	10 watts	3	5	150
Light bulb	40 watts	1	1	40
Fan	75 watts	5	5	1875
Television	75 watts	1	6	450
Washing machine	500 watts	1	0.5	250
Refrigerator	300 watts	1	24	7200
Iron press	500 watts	1	0.5	250
Gyser	2000 watts	1	0.5	1000
Microwave oven	2000 watts	1	0.1	200
Mixer gringer	400 watts	1	0.5	200
Heater blower	1000 watts	1	1	1000
Exhaust	150 watts	1	1	150
Total	7415 watts			12963

2. Calculation of the number of solar PV panels required for power consumption.

First, we need the specifications of the PV module, Battery, and Inverter :

SPECIFICATIONS

SPECIFICATIONS
Solar PV Module	Rated Power	150 W
	Efficiency	75%
	Combined Efficiency	81%
Battery	Capacity	150 Ah
	Voltage	12 V
	Efficiency	80%
Inverter	Rating	Available in:
		100VA, 200VA, 1000 VA, 1500 VA, 2000 VA, 4000VA

Solar PV sizing

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑉 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 ∗ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = $7415 $ watts

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ∗ 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 $= 12963 𝑊ℎ $  

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑉 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∗ 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

 $= 150 𝑊 ∗ 0.75 = 112.5 𝑊$

 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 

$= 112.5 ∗ 0.81 = 91.125 𝑊 $  

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 150 𝑊 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 $∗ 10ℎ/𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 911.25 𝑊ℎ$

 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑉 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙

 $= \frac{12963}{911.25}$ $= 14.225 ≈ 15$

It is recommended to install 15 PV modules

3. Calculation of number of battery storage required for one day of autonomy

$Battery\:Capacity(Ah)=\frac{(\frac{Total\:Wh}{day} )\times{Days\:of\:autonomy}}{(battery\:combined\:efficency)\times(battery\:voltage)}\\\:\quad\:\quad\:\quad\:\quad\:\quad\:\quad=\frac{12963\times1}{0.8\times0.9\times12}=1500.34\:Ah\\Number\:of\:batteries\:required=\frac{Battery\:capacity}{Battery\:rating}=\frac{1500.34}{150}=10$

 It is recommended to install 10 numbers of 150 Ah batteries. 

Battery rating can be more or less.

4. Calculation the number of inverters. 

        Inverter sizing

$Inverter\:rating(W\:or\:VA)=Total\:connected\:load\:to\:PV\:panal\:system=7415\:W\\ No.\:of\:Inverters=\frac{Total\:connected\:load\:to\:PV\:panal}{Inverter rating}=\frac{7415}{4000}=1.853\thickapprox2$

It is recommended to install two 4000 VA rating inverters.

5. Calculation of total cost.

        Total Cost

$Cost\:of\:arrays=No.\:of\:PV\:module\times cost\:per\:module=15\times 6000=90000\\ Cost\:of\:batteries=No.\:of\:batteries\times cost\:per\:battery=10\times 15000=150000\\ Cost\:of\:Inverters=No.\:of\:inverters\times cost\:per\:inverter=2\times 18000=36000\\ Total\:cost\:of\:system=cost\:of\:arrays+cost\:of\:batteries+cost\:of\:inverters=90000+150000+36000=276000\\ 5\% \:additional\:cost\:of\:wiring=\frac{5}{100}\times 276000=13800\\ The\:final\:cost\:of\:the\:system=276000+13800=289800$

The total cost of the system is Rs 2,89,800.

Read More

Sustainable Energy

What is Sustainable Energy?

Sustainable energy is a type of energy that fulfills our present need for energy without placing them at risk of getting terminated or drained and can be utilized again and again in the future. Sustainable energy ought to be generally energized as it doesn't make any damage to the climate and is accessible broadly liberated from cost. All environmentally friendly power sources like sun-oriented, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and sea energy are manageable as they are steady and accessible in bounty. 

Sun will keep on giving daylight till we as a whole are here on earth, heat brought about by the sun will keep on delivering winds, the earth will keep on creating heat from inside and won't chill off at any point in the near future, development of the earth, sun, and the moon won't stop, and this will continue delivering tides.

The cycle of dissipation will make water vanish that will tumble down as downpour or ice which will go through waterways or streams and converge in the seas and can be utilized to create energy through hydropower. This unmistakably expresses that every one of these environmentally friendly power sources is manageable and will keep on giving energy to the coming ages.

There are numerous types of practical fuel sources that can be fused by nations to stop the utilization of petroleum derivatives. Sustainable energy does exclude any sources that are gotten from petroleum derivatives or byproducts. This energy is replenishable and assists us with lessening ozone-depleting substance emanations and makes no harm to the climate. On the off chance that we will utilize non-renewable energy sources at a consistent rate, they will lapse soon and cause antagonistic consequences for our planet.

Petroleum products are not considered Sustainable fuel sources since they are restricted, cause colossal contamination by delivering hurtful gases, and are not accessible wherever on earth. Petroleum products regularly incorporate coal, oil, and flammable gas. Steps should be taken to diminish our reliance on petroleum derivatives as a posture risky to the climate. The majority of the provinces have effectively begun finding a way ways to utilize elective fuel sources.

As of today, around 20% of the world's energy needs come from environmentally friendly power sources. Hydropower is the most widely recognized type of elective energy utilized all throughout the planet.

Need For Sustainable Energy

During antiquated occasions, wood, lumber, and byproducts were the solitary significant fuel sources. So, biomass was the best way to get energy. At the point when more innovation was created, petroleum products like coal, oil, and flammable gas were found. Petroleum products demonstrated a help to humankind as they were generally accessible and could be outfit without any problem. 

At the point when these petroleum derivatives were begun utilizing broadly by every one of the nations across the globe, they prompted the corruption of the climate. Coal and oil are two of the significant sources that produce a lot of carbon dioxide noticeable all around. This prompted an expansion in an Earth-wide temperature boost. 

Likewise, barely any nations have hung on these important items, which prompted the ascent in the costs of these fills. Presently, rising costs, expanding air contamination, and the danger of getting lapsed before long constrained researchers to pay special mind to some other option or environmentally friendly power sources. 

The need of great importance was to search for assets that are accessible generally, cause no contamination, and are replenishable. Sustainable Energy, around then, came into the image as it could fulfill our present expanding need for energy and furthermore give us a choice to utilize them later on moreover. We should see the advantages-

1. Fight Against Climate Change

Renewables produce nearly nothing or don't discharge ozone-depleting substances in energy age measures, making them the cleanest, most feasible answer for forestall natural corruption. Worldwide expansions in petroleum derivative-based street transport, modern movement, and force age add to raised degrees of air contamination. Environmentally friendly power emanates no or low air poisons. That is better for our well-being.

2. Inexhaustible Source of Energy

Environmentally friendly power is energy gotten from regular assets that renew themselves throughout some stretch of time without draining the Earth's assets. These assets likewise have the advantage of being bountiful, accessible in some limits almost all over, and they cause close to nothing, assuming any, ecological harm. 

Energy from the sun, wind, and nuclear power put away in the Earth's hull are models. This makes them a fundamental component in a sustainable energy framework that permits advancement today without taking a chance with that of people in the future.

3. Reduces Energy Dependence on Fossil Fuels

Developing energy markets and international vulnerability have moved energy security and energy foundation versatility to the bleeding edge of numerous public energy procedures. 

The naive idea of clean sources gives nearby economies a benefit and carries importance to the expression "energy autonomy". Reliance on petroleum derivative imports brings about subjection to the financial and political transient objectives of the provider country, which can bargain the security of energy supply. 

Wherever on the planet, there is an inexhaustible asset whether that is the breeze, sun, water, or natural material accessible for delivering energy reasonably.

4. Increasingly Competitive

Renewables are currently the most expensive serious wellspring of force in numerous pieces of the world, and inexhaustible force represented the greater part of all limit increases in the worldwide force area since the most recent decade. Activities on these fronts are well in progress, as featured by the declarations included. 

The principle inexhaustible innovations, for example, wind and sun based photovoltaic, are definitely lessening their expenses and are completely serious with customary sources in a developing number of areas. Economies of scale and advancement are as of now bringing about sustainable power sources turning into the most sustainable arrangement naturally yet in addition financially as far as low expenses at keeping energy costs at moderate levels.

5. A Favorable Political Horizon

Decisions adopted at COP21 are for sustainable power sources. The worldwide local area has perceived its commitment to solidify the progress towards a low-carbon economy to ensure a sustainable future for the planet. The global agreement for the "de-carbonization" of the economy establishes an entirely ideal system for the advancement of clean energy advances.

6. Creates Jobs Developing Local Community

The biggest piece of environmentally friendly power speculations is spent on materials and workmanship to fabricate and keep up the offices, instead of on exorbitant energy imports. Environmentally friendly power speculations are generally spent inside the mainland, habitually in a similar country, and frequently in a similar town. This implies the cash residents cover on their energy bills remains at home to make occupations and fuel the nearby economy.

Read More

The basic principle for working of solar cooker

 Most solar cookers work on the basic principle: Sunlight warms pots and/or food, which is used for cooking. A solar cooker lets the UV light rays in and then converts them to longer infrared light rays that cannot escape. Infrared radiation has the right energy to make the water, fat, and protein molecules in food vibrate vigorously and heat up. It is not the sun’s heat that cooks the food, nor is it the outside ambient temperature, though this can somewhat affect the rate or time required to cook, but rather it is the sun’s rays that are converted to heat energy that cooks the food, and this heat energy is then retained by the pot and the food by the means of a covering or lid. This occurs in much the same way that a greenhouse retains heat or a car with its windows rolled up. An effective solar cooker will use the energy of the sun to heat a cooking vessel and efficiently retain the energy (heat) for maximum cooking effectiveness. 

Read More

Design Consideration of Micro Hydro Power Plant

 

Micro-hydroelectric power is both an efficient and reliable form of a clean source of renewable energy. It can be an excellent method of harnessing renewable energy from small rivers and streams because it requires very little or no reservoir to run the turbine. The water will run through the turbine and goes back to the river or stream, and can use for other purposes. The Micro-hydroelectric power plant has minimal environmental on the local ecosystem. The power generation of MHP is between 5-100 kW. To Design an MHP, there are many considerations to be taken into account:

Read More

NATIONAL ENERGY SCENARIO(INDIA)

India is the third-largest consumer of energy. Rich in coal and renewable energy. 46.13% of primary energy needs are met by imports. Per capita consumption of energy is low, 636.57 kg of oil equivalent. Energy intensity is one of the highest.

MAIN ENERGY SOURCES 

•Coal

•Oil

•Natural gas

•Nuclear power

•Hydro power

•Other renewable sources( like wind, biomass, solar power, geothermal power, tidal, etc.)

ENERGY SCENARIO

Coal

It dominates the energy mix. India has the world's 5th largest proven coal reserves. Coal Contributes to 50% of primary energy production & 56% of energy consumption. India is also the second-largest importer of coal. 8.6% of world reserves i.e. about 326.49 billion metric tons. Lignite is also used and the Dominant fuel when energy demand increases.

Oil

It accounts for 29.55% of total energy consumption and 7% of total energy production. India was the third top crude oil consumer globally (4.8% of the world) with 221 Mt. India is also the second globally the net crude oil (including crude oil products) importer of 188 Mt. India imports 82% of its oil needs and aims to bring that down to 67% by 2022 by replacing it with local exploration, renewable energy, and indigenous ethanol fuel. India’s 70% of diesel and 99.6% petrol is consumed in the transport sector alone. The total installed capacity of Diesel based power plants in India is 927.89 MW.

Natural gas
India's electricity sector consumed 24.28% of the natural gas produced in the country. The total installed capacity of gas-based power plants in India is 25057.13 MW about 7.9% of the total installed capacity. India accounted for 1.41% of total world natural gas consumption. The Indian government supports the extension of the natural gas pipeline network.

Electrical energy 

Out of total production 

•61.82% comes from the thermal power plant,

•12.21% from hydroelectricity, 

•25.98% from nuclear power & rest renewable sources.

The Gross generation of energy is 1284.44 billion units. India is the world's third-largest producer and third-largest consumer of electricity. Nearly 0.07% of Indian households (0.2 million) have no access to electricity. The electricity demand of India is nearly 374199.04 MW.

Nuclear power 

the fifth-largest source of electricity and contributes to 1.13% in total energy production, and 3.22% in electricity generation. There 22 nuclear power reactors and 7 nuclear power plants that produce 6780 MW. India drew up a plan to reach a nuclear power capacity of 63 GW in 2032. Here some name of some nuclear power plant and their capacity:

Hydropower

India is 5th globally for installed hydroelectric power capacity. 12.3% share in total generation unit with an installed capacity of 46000 MW. Its share in power generation has decreased. India's hydroelectric power potential is estimated at 148,700 MW.

Thermal power 

It accounts for 61.7% of total energy production. The installed capacity of Thermal Power is 231.45 GW which is 46.9% of the total installed capacity. Thermal power produced from

Renewable resources 

It has immense potential and the current installed base is 89229 MW which is 24% of the total installed base. India ranks 4th in wind and 3rd in solar power generation. India then set a new target of achieving 100 GW of solar power, 60GW of wind power, 10GW of biomass, and 5GW of small hydropower by 2022. India among the world leaders in renewable energy use and place India at the center of its "Sunshine Countries" International Solar Alliance project promoting the growth and development of solar power internationally to over 120 countries.

Read More